Technology and Mass Media Research

Question: How much are our thoughts regarding the crowd subject to innovation, and how are new advancements testing conventional models of crowd research? Use guides to prove your contention. Answer: The contemporary universe of innovation have changed every single part of living including the impact or state viral impact of broad communications over the crowd mass. Innovation have cleared ways for a more promising time to come for the broad communications and correspondence by opening up different sources to spread data to a more extensive crowd and to arrive at a more noteworthy mass of individuals (Morris, 19996). With a more prominent extension and reach, there are different elements which are impacting the thoughts and methods of advertising focusing on various segments of crowd. Innovation is a source and impetus for development which is likewise affecting the manner in which crowd are seeing or taking up the expected importance of a broad communications message. Transformation is an incorporation or assembly of crowd and innovation (Nisbet, 2002) prompting more chances and better comprehension of the importance of the messages. The thoughts and arrangements are guided by p resentation of new media that is furnishing the crowd with an improved sentiment of control, unraveling power and an expanded decision over what, when, how and for what reason to pick. With these changes, showcasing media will be adroitly and systematically regulating and observed. Media and crowd, both have developed and advanced with innovation. The patterns of correspondence, openness, reach and accessibility, observation and preferences (Neuman 1991), all have been influenced by approaching contemporary innovations in the field of broad communications correspondence and research.The new advances being set apart as new media have changed the significance and exploration philosophies for the crowd regarding message conveyance or sharing. The new advances in the computerized age are testing the standard ideas and strategies of crowd research where crowd were viewed as uninvolved and as a solitary substance with a specific shot of media message being deciphered similarly for all inspite of individual perspectives and proposals. With approaching of advanced age in the progressive new media, have achieved rushes of mindfulness and reasonableness in the crowd giving an all together new viewpoint to crowd examination, division and focusing on shaping a piece of promoting procedures. By the methods for conventional media involving constrained broad communications assets and a restricted reach, it was seen that crowd comprehended the message, substance or significance inside a specific data from the perspective of the person who made it or from the point of view of broad communications generator. In any case, with coming of new media (Dunwoody, 1992) including computerized sources, for example, web, digital books, sight and sound, expanded reality, DVDs and a lot progressively such offices, the immensity and volume of wellsprings of messages of data of media have developed significantly by eclipsing the accessible assets. The innovation has an impact over the crowd, their essence, their perspectives and the manner in which they see the data. Crowd have gotten dynamic and can decipher the importance out of the message moved based over their evaluative aptitudes and interpreting powers. With the headways in innovation, the world have gotten progressed both in the provisions of computerized development and important reasonableness. Crowd research have embraced the procedures of division and focusing on (Livingstone, 2003) based over various view of a message transmitted by broad communications based over close to home decisions, partialities or understandings of crowd. Along these lines, unique and extraordinary promoting techniques must be sent so as to target crowd with various perspectives. With forthcoming new innovations having plenty and plenitude of assets for mass correspondence, the center has been moved from pushing a similar message or at the end of the day shooting a similar slug from the side of media to infuse into crowd (Croteau, 2013) towards focusing on every one of the client or crowd separately in response to offering respect to their own thoughts, decisions, perspectives, inclinations or biases identified with the message. Innovation is fundamentally a social apparatus to change the significance of being a functioning member in the dynamic for a specific message. Despite the fact that this b road utilization of innovation and presentation of new media as advanced development have made it conceivable to make data reach to a more extensive crowd base, it likewise gives extraordinary consideration over focusing on extremely unique subsets of crowd having comparative perspectives. The conventional models of crowd research considered crowd being a particular article yet now there are specialization based over age, culture, foundation, economy, sees, convictions and so on. For instance, advancing an item state basically an electric light can target kids by making it modified for no particular reason, can be focused for youth as an investigation ware or for senior individuals as a guide in haziness. Along these lines, various individuals see the message contrastingly prompting advances in the exploration styles and devices. References Morris, M., Ogan, C. 1996, The Internet as mass medium,Journal of Computerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Mediated Communication, 1, no. 4. Nisbet, M. C., Scheufele, D. A., Shanahan, J., Moy, P., Brossard, D., Lewenstein, B. V. 2002, Knowledge, reservations, or guarantee? A media impacts model for open view of science and technology,Communication Research, 29, no. 5, pp. 584-608. Neuman, W. R. 1991,The fate of the mass crowd, Cambridge University Press. Dunwoody, S., Peters, H. P. 1992, Mass media inclusion of innovative and ecological dangers: A study of examination in the United States and Germany,Public Understanding of Science, 1, no. 2, pp. 199-230. Livingstone, S. 2003, The Changing Nature of Audiences,A ally to media contemplates, 6, pp. 337. Croteau, D. R., Hoynes, W. D. 2013,Media/society: Industries, pictures, and crowds, Sage Publications.

The Anti-Federalists Objections to the Constitution Essay

The Anti-Federalists Objections to the Constitution - Essay Example The Anti-federalists accepted that the intensity of the administration ought to be moved in the council since it was the most law based branch. They kept up that such a legislature offered the United States residents the best assurance for their basic rights. The Anti-federalist contended that the best way to guarantee there existed majority rules system was through the assignment of intensity through specific writings. Subsequently, they expected that the constitution that was being embraced by the federalists designated abundance forces to the focal government rather than these forces setting off to the states. They additionally brought up that there was distribution of greater position to the legal executive and official to the detriment of the congress. It was expressly clear in their brains that the federalists and their supporters were compromising the opportunities that Americans had safeguarded against the Britain. Brutus fused these thoughts into his assault against the prop osed constitution. He recommends that an enormous republic would not prevail in a huge nation like the United States since it includes residents who are differing from multiple points of view. As indicated by him, such decent variety would meddle with the activities and smooth running of the focal government since numerous assessments and thoughts would conflict. Brutus accepts that a republic can work in a little society like a state (Storing 37). Brutus additionally contended that the freedoms of the US residents were in peril since the central government was being given a ton of forces that can be abused for individual increases. He gave instances of Britain and Rome where force had been abused and prompted Americans not to follow a similar pattern. The opportunity of the federation was denied and their constitution upset by their solid armed force which had been given forces. Julius Cesar who was delegated to lead the order gained by the escape clauses in the constitution and tr ansformed it from a free republic into oppression. He additionally called attention to that the dread from a huge standing armed force was that the rulers may utilize them to advance their own aspirations. They could likewise upset the governments’ sacred powers and addition their own forces to empower them direct the US individuals. Brutus and other Anti-federalists advocates took a gander at themselves as the safeguards of a self government that was going to offer exceptional administration to the individuals of America. They bolstered initiative in little republics or the states with the rulers getting to restricted forces that can not be abused. By giving instances of Rome and Britain where force had been abused, Brutus needed the Federalists to gain from different nations and roll out sufficient improvements to the constitution. James Madison contradicted the complaints from the Anti-federalists by contending that the administration must be intended to stop the governmen t officials and the individuals from utilizing it for their own narrow minded increases. He had contributed enormously to the constitution and this is the reason he countered the complaints from the Anti-federalists firmly. Among the numerous normal highlights in the constitution was the possibility of a reasonable government framework where the national position was restricted and saving unequivocal forces to the individuals through the nearby government. Madison likewise made other key commitments to the constitution, for example, the production of a national lawmaking body and the national CEO. His most grounded contention in help for the constitution was that, it had concocted a solid government fit for controlling the

Nationalism in Politics and Culture

Patriotism in Politics and Culture Patriotism is a term used to depict an intense passionate ID with ones nation and its kin, customs, and qualities. In governmental issues and open arrangement, patriotism is a tenet whose crucial to ensure a countries right to self-administer and shield individual inhabitants of a state from worldwide financial and social weights. Something contrary to patriotism is globalism. Patriotism can extend from the negligent dedication of banner waving energy in its most amiable structure to closed-mindedness, xenophobia, bigotry, andâ ethnocentrismâ at its most exceedingly terrible and most dangerous. It is frequently connected with the kind of profoundly enthusiastic pledge to one’s country - over and against all others - that prompts outrages like those submitted by the National Socialists in Germany during the 1930s, composed University of West Georgia reasoning educator Walter Riker. Political and Economic Nationalism In the cutting edge period, President Donald Trumps America First principle was focused on patriot strategies that remembered higher taxes for imports, a crackdown on unlawful movement, and the withdrawal of the United States from exchange understandings his organization accepted were unsafe to American laborers. Pundits depicted Trumps brand of patriotism as white personality legislative issues; without a doubt, his political race matched with the ascent of the supposed extreme right movement,â a inexactly associated gathering of youthful, alienated Republicans and white patriots. In 2017, Trump told the United Nations General Assembly: In outside issues, we are restoring this establishing guideline of sway. Our administrations first obligation is to its kin, to our residents, to serve their requirements, to guarantee their security, to safeguard their privileges and to guard their qualities. I will consistently put America first, much the same as you, as the pioneers of your nations, will consistently and should consistently put your nations first. Benevolent Nationalism? National Review manager Rich Lowry and senior proofreader Ramesh Ponnuru utilized the term amiable patriotism in 2017: The layouts of a generous patriotism are not hard to observe. It incorporates reliability to one’s nation: a feeling of having a place, loyalty, and appreciation to it. What's more, this sense appends to the country’s individuals and culture, not simply to its political organizations and laws. Such patriotism incorporates solidarity with one’s compatriots, whose government assistance precedes, though not to the total avoidance of, that of outsiders. At the point when this patriotism finds political articulation, it underpins a government that is envious of its power, frank and proud in regards to propelling its people’s advantages, and aware of the requirement for national attachment. Many contend, however, that there is nothing of the sort as kindhearted patriotism and that any patriotism is troublesome and polarizing at its generally harmless and derisive and perilous when conveyed to boundaries. Patriotism isn't special to the United States, either. Floods of patriot estimation have moved through the electorate in Britain and different pieces of Europe, China, Japan, and India. One remarkable case of patriotism was the supposed Brexit vote in 2016 in which residents of the United Kingdom decided to leave the European Union.â Sorts of Nationalism in the United States In the United States, there are a few sorts of patriotism, as per look into directed by human science teachers at Harvard and New York colleges. The educators, Bart Bonikowski and Paul DiMaggio, distinguished the accompanying gatherings: Prohibitive patriotism, or theâ belief that the main genuine Americans are Christians, communicate in English, and were conceived in the United States.Ardent patriotism, or the conviction that the United States is unrivaled ethnically, racially, or socially to different nations. This can be alluded to as ethnic patriotism, as well. White patriots uphold racial oppressor or white dissenter belief systems and accept non-whites are substandard. Those despise bunches incorporate the Ku Klux Klan, neo-Confederates, neo-Nazis, bigot skinheads, and Christian Identity. Civic or liberal patriotism, the conviction that Americas popularity based foundations and unavoidably ensured freedoms are unrivaled, or remarkable. Sources and Further Reading on Nationalism Heres where you can peruse progressively pretty much all types of patriotism. What 4 kinds of American patriotism can enlighten us concerning Trump voters: Bart Bonikowski and Paul DiMaggio, The Washington PostFor Love of Country, Rich Lowry and Ramesh Ponnuru, National ReviewNationalism can have its valid statements. Really.: Prerna Singh, The Washington PostOn Nationalism and Exceptionalism: Yuval Levin, Ethics Public Policy CenterThe Trouble With Nationalism, Jonah Goldberg, National Review

Spanish Piece on Youth Fashion Essay Example for Free

Spanish Piece on Youth Fashion Essay The twentieth century is known as the era of the mechanical age, the innovation is available in the lives of the individuals who live in this century, gadgets, for example, PCs, mobile phones, computerized cameras or terms as the Internet and informal communities are extremely normal and extraordinary significance in our lives. In any case, the style is significant for individuals of twentieth century, the design became related and changing as per diverse urban clans. Enrollment of these gatherings is apparent in the belief system, music, way of life and appearance. The utilization of specific brands of apparel, the utilization of specific things or hues, unmistakable state of the hair, cosmetics recognizes the different clans. Well were going to discuss urban clans. The Emo, color their hair red, gold or purple docks, wear their hair smooth to cover one eye or the whole face. Their garments inclines towards dull hues, ideally dark. The shirts are for the most part of littler size than typical and shifted impressions. The dark eyeliner and lip piercings are additionally trademark highlights. The utilization Floggers bolts and long haircuts with blasts that will cover their half of the face, and ladies cosmetics with solid hues. The look is finished with thin fit pants, low profile shirts and coats, all brilliantly shaded tennis shoes, caps, crowns, and huge shades. The Darks are youngsters who dress in dark, frequently wear garments of refined style of times past. They wear crosses, rings and pendants concerning bats, skulls and bugs. Cosmetics their face to look paler and painted her lips and nails dark. The punk is definitely not an ongoing pattern. His hair is molded like a pointy edge and colored in splendid hues like red and purple, utilize a little torn pants and coats or calfskin Jean pointy and sparkly frill called taches. They paint their nails dim hues. The rappers and canis use soccer groups caps. Use shoes, want to utilize the tabs released and out. They wear workout pants, as a rule are wide, similar to shirts or sweatshirts. The Otakus like to dress like a character in the kid's shows, particularly the eastern anime.

On Hacienda Luisita Essay Example For Students

On Hacienda Luisita Essay The world has offered a great deal of things to investigate. Human effectively give in with a portion of those, it might be of a similar field however to other people, not. In any case, what might set the line among you and the others? The undertaking you pick mirrors the qualities you have. I’ve been anxious to think practically about all that I pick to have intrigue withâ€life out of school, new games, or essentially not simply anybody will take note. I need to be exceptional yet remarkable and to a greater degree a live wire than a slow doomsayer. With this, I have presented myself to the real world. One of this is the manner by which I gain worry on a national issue. In the wake of watching Sa Ngalan ng Tubo narrative film when I was a green bean, I began longing for going to Hacienda Luisita. I need to see the specific area where ranchers of that hacienda shed blood and life and to realize firsthand what is the present circumstance there. Following two years, I was allowed the chance to do that in this way, without even batting an eye I affirmed my participation. Yet, before I proceed, let me give you a concise foundation of Hacienda Luisita 25 years back. In 1985, the Manila RTC specially made a choice the Cojuangcos to move control of Hacienda Luisita to the Ministry of Agrarian Reform, which will disseminate the land to little ranchers in the wake of remunerating the landowners P3. 988 million. 1988, Court excused common body of evidence against the Cojuancos identifying with Luisita since President Aquino announced that agrarian change covers sugar lands. Establishment of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law gives stock exchange plot as an option in contrast to real land conveyance. May 1989, the Stock Distribution Option understanding was marked by the TADECO, HLI and the ranchers. Inside 1995 and 1996, about half of the 6453-hectare hacienda experienced land change use, from horticultural to business, modern and private purposes. In 2003, Supervisors of the Hacienda Luisita recorded an appeal before DAR to deny SDO since the ranchers were not given their advantages. November 16, 2004, 3 o’clock toward the evening, when the ranchers were celebrating imagining that they as of now conquered the military powers in the entryway before their picket line, slugs storm the territory. The ranchers were astounded when the Cojuangcos armed force began shooting all over. Seven were murdered and more than 200 were harmed and were shot. From that point on, Hacienda Luisita increased more consideration and open mindfulness and it didn't end there, more deaths followed. Rather than debilitating them, it even touched off the spirits of the individuals who live there as well as the individuals who esteem â€Å"human life† and equity. Ceaseless fire Farmers of the hacienda keep battling for their entitlement to claim the land they, their dads and granddads have worked, fed and lived for. It has been over five years and no solid activities to actualize certifiable agrarian change. The legislature is securing enthusiasm of the couple of, the enthusiasm of the lardlords and huge business ventures. They state this is for the own great of our nation however what We went to the hacienda the night prior to the remembrance of the slaughter. I thought our overnight remain there would resemble a rest over a friend’s houseâ€safe and sound, yet at that point, it had an inclination that it could be the latest day of my life, compromised by furnished individuals wandering around. Nov. 15, around 9 at night, a gathering of understudies from NCR were hassled by â€Å"policemen† who were in full-battle gear. They moved toward the understudies and said that they were there to talk with certain individuals. For what reason ought to those cops must be in a full-battle gear, ride in a vehicle with no plate number and circumvent the zone? I’m curious about the spot yet but rather it was ludicrous. As of not long ago, the military chases and endeavors to all the opposing powers against the unfairness in HLI. It even gets to the heart of the matter of the ranchers as well as to straightforward understudies. As guests, we were illegal to leave the house and to talk boisterously. Throughout the night, we had discussions with the young and ranchers in the zone, eye to eye. The young there don't concentrate just on their neighborhood issues yet lso connect with assistance different networks in each manners. Ranchers despite everything would like to have ownership, in their own hands, the land where their shed blood. The direct experience with them felt extraordinary, mind boggling. I previously heard numerous anecdotes about the issue and hearing it from them with my own ears was dumbfoun ding and a respect. After a very on edge practically restless night, we arranged to go out and assemble to the real spot of the slaughter. A short program was before the Gate 1 of Azucarera de Tarlac. There, I saw a board with words â€Å"SAFETY STARTS HERE†. It begins where? .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 , .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 .postImageUrl , .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 , .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628:hover , .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628:visited , .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628:active { border:0!important; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628:active , .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u88461059b61 b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u88461059b61b8ee4aa7ea3f4e7431628:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crime Laws EssayAfter entering the entryway of the sugar production line? Huh? It’s just so unexpected that the hacienda organization set that in the very entryway where the military tanks situated and started up ranchers five years prior. Burning November 16, 2009, 1pm, the convoy with 100 vehicles which accumulated in NCR showed up in the Hacienda. We met them through an assembly of in excess of 2,000 individuals towards the passage of the Hacienda Luisita to have a program on the recognition of the fifth commemoration of the Hacienda Luisita Massacre. Different groupsâ€party records, workers’ associat ion, activists gatherings, understudy councilsâ€composed the greater part of the group. About past 2 toward the evening, the entire gathering went to the Gate 1 to go to an ecumenical mass lead by different strict gatherings like Independencia Filipina, United Church of Christ in the Philippines, and so forth. Their strict individuals and pioneers who picked to serve and coordinate with the majority, the ranchers, and the individuals who need them were casualties of extrajudicial killings as well. Following that, the seven saints of the hacienda were respected with liberating white birds. A social night followedâ€improvised sight-seeing balloons contacted the sky, individuals recited, sang and moved. Cess Drillon of ABS CBN was at the back airing the commemoration. They lit a hundred lights while circumventing the entire hacienda network, which shockingly we didn't saw, to end the occasion. Strolling with them for a reason, the ranchers rights, without precedent for my life, was something I could be glad for. I appreciated how committed they are in battling for changeâ€real popular government, fairness, equity and human rights, just for the advancement of each Filipino individuals, particularly the individuals who are in destitution, those that common residents won’t attempt to reach. The individuals there opened their psyche to what the truth is just as do solid activities accordingly. They vivaciously battle for what they know is correct and just. My Hacienda Luisita experience had augmented my vision of what reality truly implied, an encounter of a lifetime. I was there with my life undermined yet I would not stop there. Equity must be given to them, to everybody. So I challenge all who’ll read this bit of paper, particularly those in their childhood, to effectively partake on the issues that this nation faces, be at any rate familiar of what's going on outside the four corners of the room.

Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 84, Astronaut

Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 84, Astronaut And speaking of awesome MIT alumna Later this month, Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 84 SM 85 (Commander, USN) will become the 24th MIT graduate in space when STS-115 launches. More than one-third of the nations space flights have included MIT-educated astronauts, who have logged a total of more than 15,000 hours in space. (Check out the MIT Astronaut Roster) While Stefanyshyn-Piper was at MIT, she lived at WILG, worked at the Lab for Manufacturing and Productivity, rowed for the Varsity Womens Crew, and did Navy ROTC. In her preflight interview, Stefanyshyn-Piper said of her MIT experience: The brief thumbnail sketch of getting here is, well, after high school I went to college, and I applied to MIT, you know, looking at different schools. I figured, OK, Massachusetts Institute of Tech, Technology, is a good technical school. Math and science were definitely my stronger subjects in high school, and so I figured Id probably do a career in something math and science. Back in the late 70s or early 80s, they were doing a big push to get a lot more girls to go into engineering. And so I said, OK, engineering, thats math and science, so I guess I can do that. So I applied to MIT and I got accepted, and then I took a Navy scholarship to help pay for college. From there, I got a degree in mechanical engineering actually I got two degrees. I had so much fun at MIT I decided to stay an extra year and finish my masters degree. And then I was commissioned in the Navy, and I did underwater ship repair and ship repair and some salvage work. That was kind of my professional backgroun d in the Navy. And then from there, I applied to the astronaut program and was fortunate enough to be accepted. And she says this about space exploration: To me exploring space is just a natural progression of, where humans are going. As we become more advanced and we have more technology to go farther. Thousands of years ago people would just go beyond the next hill, go over the mountain, go across the river. Then it led to going across the oceans. And, then it was OK, lets go into the skies. We now have airplanes. We can fly. We have submarines and submersibles; we can go into the waters. So looking into the skies and looking at the stars and at the planets and thinking, whats out there??? Were curious. We, as humans always want to know whats out there. To me it, it just seems natural that weve looked around here and were just going to go look out farther. Were still developing the means to go out there farther. But thats just where were going to go next. To me, exploration makes sense because were always looking at whats the next thing out there what else can we learn, and how can we go there. Maybe we can learn something that we c an bring back here and help solve some of the problems we have on Earth. If youre curious, NASA has even posted online a PDF of what she will be eating while shes in space. Day 1 dinner: grilled pork chop, mashed potatoes, broccoli au gratin, peach ambrosia, apple cider, and tea with lemon sugar. Wow, theyve come a long way since freeze-dried ice cream!

English for Non-Native Speakers - Free Essay Example

English is a difficult language to learn for Non-Native Speakers. There are a plethora of words that mean multiple things with meanings that change every day. Itrs hard to keep up if itrs not ones mother tongue. Mother tongue is a language that a person has grown up speaking within their respective household. For Amy Tan, it was a special kind of English. An English that a Native English speaker would call broken or limited. Amy Tan is an Asian American woman who immigrated from Shanghai, China, to the United States with her mother. She is the author of her best-known novel The Joy Luck Club which examines the lives and relationships between four Chinese American daughters and their mothers. In Mother Tongue, Amy Tan points out cultural racism and the difficulties communication has on immigrants living in America. She uses a sympathetic yet defensive tone as she talks about her motherrs language and what it means to her as well as showing the audience the challenges shers faced. Tan delivers a talk at a symposium on language in San Francisco where she expresses her views and experiences with English. She talks about the complexities of the language and the different types of English she hears and uses in her day to day life. Therers a specific style of English she uses with her mother, one she uses on outings, another with her husband, and one her mother constantly uses with her. She says, It has become our language of intimacy, a different sort of English that relates to family talk, the language I grew up with. (Tan 650) For Amy Tan, this language has a special place in her heart but for others, it leads to a sense of confusion. When analyzing her motherrs English, Amy Tan doesnt shy away from the difficulties it has aroused. In one example, she talks about how people perceive her motherrs English regardless of all the hard work she puts into it. She says, Yet some of my friends tell me they understand 50 percent of what my mother says. Some say they understand 80 to 90 percent. Some say they understand none of it, as if she were speaking pure Chinese. (Tan 651). Here, Amy Tan uses a personal experience as support. Her friends are Native speakers and dont entirely understand her mother because of a communication barrier. This shows just how complex and difficult the situation is. Since shers grown up around it, Tan faces no difficulty when it comes to understanding her mother, but for others, the communication skill seems flawed. Amy Tan gets very in-depth when it comes to details of her past. She talks about the time when she was fifteen and how her mother would have her call people on the phone so that shed pretend it was her. She talks about how no one ever took her mother seriously and she was there to witness it all. Tan recounts, the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her. (Tan 651) Tan, once again, uses her experiences as credibility that strengthens her appeal on Ethos. With this passage alone, she shows how vulnerable and how difficult life is for her mother. Tan then goes on to talk about the Asian American community and how English relates to their field of choice. She states, but I have noticed in surveys- in fact, just last week- that Asian students, as a whole, always do significantly better on math achievement test than in English. And this makes me think that there are other Asian American students whose English spoken in the home might also be described as broken or limited. And perhaps they also have teachers who are steering them away from writing and into math and science, which is what happened to me. (Tan 654) This supports her claim as she talks about how deeply the language spoken at home can affect the children. Tan shows just how prejudice people can be. Instead of helping and refining their English, the teachers are so adamant to push them in another field where they dont need to work as hard. Society doesnt give these kids a platform to grow and, instead, take them for granted. When it really boils down to it, Amy Tan doesnt really use logistics to support her claim. The things listed above arent factual and are based more on the authors inferences. Her story doesnt need logistics since she proves her credibility through her personal experiences which seems to be more beneficial in this case. For the majority of her piece, Tan uses a strong pathos appeal as support. When she talks about growing up with her mother, she never fails to tell her audience how she feels. Amy Tan makes sure the audience can empathize with her, a tactic she uses to set everyone on the same playing field. Her pathos appeal is evident when she talks about how her mother was treated because of the way she spoke. After being previously diagnosed with a benign brain tumor, Tanrs mother goes back to the hospital to check up on her diagnosis. She said she had spoken her very best English yet they claimed that her CAT scan was missing. Tan says, and when the doctor finally called her daughter, me, who spoke in perfect English- lo and behold- we had assurances the CAT scan would be found, promises that a conference call on Monday would be held, and apologies for any suffering my mother had gone through for a most regrettable mistake. (Tan 652) Even though she doesnt outwardly state how she feels, she makes it pretty evident that she is frustrated and heavily confused about the situation. Her tone shows frustration which helps the audience sympathize with her. Because of this, people can put themselves in her shoes. She then goes on to talk about her childhood experiences with her mother and how her mothers English affected the way she did things when she was younger. Amy Tan would always find herself answering phone calls for her mother and even became less confident in herself because of it. This is shown earlier in the selection when she reflects on the time her mothers English made her feel ashamed. She realizes the challenges shers faced because of the way her mother spoke. Tan states, I know for a fact, because when I was growing up, my motherrs limited English limited my perception of her. I was ashamed of her English. (Tan 651) Here Tan shows the struggles her motherrs English had brought upon her. It gave her a low self-esteem and, instead of encouraging her mother, she was disheartened. She later becomes apologetic, showing that she too struggled to overlook the language barrier and took part of the cultural racism that flourished within this field. Towards the end of the text, she wraps it up as she talks about her book. When she created her novel The Joy Luck Club, she kept her mother in mind. She said she wanted to use all the English she grew up with to preserve and capture the essence that neither can be seen within an English nor a Chinese structure. She says, I wanted to capture what language ability tests can never reveal: her intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts. (Tan 655) Here, shers learned that through all the struggle and uncertainty, her motherrs English is something that she holds onto dearly. Itrs been ground rooted and loved since birth and just like any other personality trait, itrs something that makes that special woman her mother. Overall, Amy Tan was successful in pronouncing her point and educating Native Speakers about the struggles immigrants face when it comes to communication. She has shown that there are many people like her mother who are experiencing these things and how this dominates the lives of every immigrant around the world. She engages her audience in a pot of stories, using her personal experiences as credibility for her claim. Amy Tan is also not afraid to show how vulnerable she was and still is when it comes to this subject manner. This language brought her closer together with her mother and her culture. Shers learned not to be ashamed of who she is and has embraced it for all those to see. Her speech is an aid for those who are experiencing the same thing. In conclusion, Amy Tan successfully encouraged her audience to look beyond language barriers and expresses to live and appreciate immigrants open heartedly and happily.

United States Political Thought Today Is Considered A...

United States political thought today is considered a democracy. A democracy is where the citizens of the United States are eligible to vote for the leaders that represent their country. Without the drafting of the British documents, such as The Magna Carta and the Petition of Rights along with the political upheaval of the Glorious Revolution and Enlightenment, America today would be following the traditional acts of arbitrary monarchical rule. All of these specific times in history were outcomes of people seeing that absolute monarchies were troubling for the fundamental rights of the people. Being under an absolute monarchy is similar to being under a dictatorship which leaves no say in the hand of the people. The Magna Carta, also known as The Great Charter, was the catalyst for creating a representative democracy. The King of England, King John was forced by his barons to sign the charter to establish that the monarch was no longer absolute and that the people were guaranteed a trial by jury and due process of law. King John is considered to be one of the worst kings in history. He was not in favor of the people, he was in favor of himself. Being an avaricious king, he would penalize any baron who went against his wishes. In 1206, King John lost some land that he was insistent on getting back. Normandy, Anjou, Maine and parts of Poitou were no longer under his control. In attempt to retrieve his land he imposed heavy taxes upon his citizens. If the people decided notShow MoreRelatedThe Articles Of Confederation During The Revolutionary War1075 Words   |  5 Pages What is Democracy? Direct democracy can be defined as a system of democracy in which citizens participate in the majority of legislation; therefore, granting them political self-determination. A representative democracy (also indirect democracy) is a form of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people. A direct democracy has leaders that are chosen specifically by â€Å"The People†. There is no Electoral College, or elected officials, to cast the votes of theRead MorePolybiuss Politics And Aristocracy In The Roman Republic1469 Words   |  6 Pagestheory of the Roman Constitution can be viewed as a political philosophy on Rome; however, one can also view his theory as a foreshadowing of the problems that would exist in democracies. Polybius Book 6: The Constitution of the Roman Republic, reveals unequal power among the three divisions of government. First, there is internal disorder and unequal powers. Secondly, opposition in the military, and finally, economic decline. Polybius states, That no one could say for certain, not even a nativeRead MoreGreece s Impact On The World1335 Words   |  6 Pagesto today, the root of our knowledge is greatly influenced on the minds who have lived at that time. Some may ask which civilization had the most impact on United States and the world? Many would say that the Romans had the most impact on United States and the world and some may contradict and say Greece had the most influence. However, Greece influenced the world and the United States the most in tremendous ways. Greece gave the United States the influence to start it’s first direct democracy, philosophersRead MoreThe Concept of Democracy664 Words   |  3 Pagesindividuals the concept of democracy has taken on an almost sacred position. The result of democracy holding such a position with some individuals is that democracy has attained a quasi-religion status that results in its being unquestionable as a concept in the eyes of these individuals. These individuals would likely be surprised that some of greatest minds in human history dating back to the time of Aristotle and Plato and continuing through to modern times have viewed democracy differently and haveRead MoreGreece s Impact On The World1360 Words   |  6 PagesGreece to today, the root of our knowledge are greatly influenced on the minds who have lived at that time. Some may ask which civilization had the most impact on United States and the world? Many would say that the Romans had the most impact on United States and the world and some may contradict and say Greece had the most influence. However, Greece influenced the world and United States the most in tremendous ways. Greece gave the United States the influence to start it’s first direct democracy, philosophersRead MoreUnited States Political Thought As A Democracy1559 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States political thought today as of today is considered a democracy. A democracy is where the citizens of the United States are eligible to vote for the leaders that represent the country. Without the drafting of the British documents, such as The Magna Carta and the Petition of Rights along with the political upheaval of the Glorious Revolution and Enlightenment, America today would be following the traditional acts of arbitrary monarchical rule. All of these specific times in history wereRead MoreHow Democratization Is A Factor Of Peace Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe proposition that democracies do not enter in war between them is according to some liberal thinkers that most resembles a law (in the sense of the natural sciences) in the field of international relations. This assertion is far from having led to a consensus among politi cal scientists and is widely rejected by scholars including realistic thinkers. This thesis argues that democratization is a factor of peace. However the question remainshow to democratize? . That is why Western countries haveRead MoreDemocratic and Undemocratic Aspects of the American Experience1798 Words   |  7 Pages On Democracy: Democratic and undemocratic aspects of the American experience It was the Greeks probably the Athenians who coined the term democracy, or demokratia, from the Greek words demos, the people, and kratos, to rule (Dahl 2000: 11). In most definitions of the term, democracy has come to mean a rule of the people and by the people. However, what precisely the people means has varied considerably from society to society, as has what is considered to be the best way to allow theRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roman Empire1428 Words   |  6 PagesEurope was dominated by the Romans, and their constantly growing empire. With the help of Greek political ideas, the Romans adopted one very similar where supreme power is held by the people from their elected representatives. These representatives were a part of the Senate, where all political laws were made and enforced, very similar idea to the type of Senate that exists in America today. Originally, the power was mainly held by the upper class and the senate consisted of 300 individualsRead MoreHistory Of Haiti1179 Words   |  5 PagesAmericas. However, the days of being the wealthiest colony have since passed. Haiti is now considered to be the most impoverished country in the western hemisphere. The proud history of this country is overshadowed by alarming rates of poverty, violence, and inequality. This island nation’s government has been plagued with numerous military staged coups and misfortunes. I will argue that in the recent state of affairs Haiti has significant obstacles to overcome to become a democratic nation. I will

The Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 - 1423 Words

The audit world was transformed more than ten years ago due to a series of accounting scandals. This change took place when The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, otherwise known as SOX, was passed affecting not only business entities but also the firms that audit those companies (Thomas). One of the companies whose fraud was unmasked by the passage of SOX was HealthSouth Corporation. A company in the healthcare industry who had overstated about $2.7 billion dollars in earnings since 1996. The company’s CEO, Richard Scrushy, was the first to be tried under SOX for misrepresenting and signing off on misleading financial statements(Accounting Fraud at HealthSouth). HealthSouth Corporation was founded by Richard Scrushy in Birmingham, Alabama in 1984 (Stempel). Scrushy then became the CEO of the company and went public with it two years later (Complaint†). Richard Scrushy was born and raised in Alabama (Hassan). He dropped out of high school and attended The University of Alabama after obtaining his GED (Hassan). After graduating, he was hired by the university where he was a professor for two and a half years (Hassan). He then went to work at Lifemark Corporation, a healthcare management firm out of Houston, Texas. After that, he left the company to form his own. Scrushy founded Amcare, an outpatient rehabilitation facility who later was transformed into HealthSouth. With his entrepreneur mind set, he wanted the company to expand fast. That it did, within a few years the companyShow MoreRelatedSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002985 Words   |  4 Pages Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Week # 2 Individual Assignment â€Æ' Sox Key Main Aspects for a Regulatory Environment Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed in 2002 by former president George Bush. Essentially to combat the Enron crisis. The Sox Act basically has regulatory control and creates an enviroment that is looking out for the public. Ideally this regulatory environment protects the public from fraud within corporations. Understanding, that while having this regulatoryRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021614 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations are put in line to conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics include â€Å"the promotion of honest andRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pages well-known acts have been signed into laws by the presidents at the time to protect investors and consumers alike. A brief overview of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, a discussion of some of the provisions therein, opinions of others regarding the act and also my personal and professional opinion will be discussed below. The same will be examined about the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Senators Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley were the sponsors of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002Read MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, the market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The code of ethics includes the promotion of honest and ethical conductRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, also known as the SOX Act, is enacted on July 30, 2002 by Congress as a result of some major accounting frauds such as Enron and WorldCom. The main objective of this act is to recover the investors’ trust in the stock market, and to p revent and detect corporate accounting fraud. I will discuss the background of Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and why it became necessary in the first section of this paper. The second section will be the act’s regulations for the management, externalRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1070 Words   |  5 Pagesof Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This Act was placed into law to protect the consumer against fraudulent activity by organizations. This paper will provide a brief history of the law and discuss some of the ethical components and social implications on corporations. This research will provide information on how the Sarbanes-Oxley Act affects smaller organizations and how it encourages employees to inform of wrong doings. Brief Synopsis of Sarbanes-Oxley The U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-OxleyRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20022137 Words   |  9 Pagesdishonest act that remained common amongst companies such as Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco was the fabrication of financial statements. These companies were reporting false information on their financial statements so that it would appear that the companies were making profits. However, those companies were actually losing money instead. Because of these companies’ actions, the call to have American businesses to be regulated under new rules served as a very important need. In 2002, Paul Sarbanes from theRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021525 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Cheeseman, 2013). Congress ordered the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX Act) to shield customers from the fraudulent exercises of significant partnerships. This paper will give a brief history of the SOX Act, portray how it will shield general society from fraud inside of partne rships, and give a presumption to the viability of the capacity of the demonstration to shield purchasers from future frauds. History of the SOX Act Congress established the Sarbanes-Oxley ActRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 20021322 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Descriptions of the main aspects of the regulatory environment which will protect the public from fraud within corporations are going to be provided in this paper. A special attention to the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) requirement; along with an evaluation of whether Sarbanes-Oxley Act will be effective in avoiding future frauds based on their implemented rules and regulations. The main aspects of the regulatory environment are based on the different laws and regulationsRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002 Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was the result of a number of large financial scandals in the United States in the late 1990s and early 2000s. One of the most well-known corporate accounting scandals was the Enron scandal, which was exposed in 2001. Enron, an energy company that was considered one of the most financially sound corporations in the United States before the scandal, produced false earnings reports to shareholders and kept large debts off the accounting books (Peavler, 2016). Enron executives

Interpersonal Communication And Social Care - 1257 Words

Although communication involves interaction between people, the person you are interacting with does not always need to be physically there with you. Think about something you have seen on the television, a song you have heard on the radio today, or a story you have read in a magazine or a newspaper – the person who is communicating with you is not there, but is still communicating with you, though different methods. Within health and social care, there are many different ways that communication occurs – a large amount of this is called interpersonal communication, namely taking place between two people. This could be speaking directly to someone using your service, such as a patient, or a relative, or speaking to other colleagues, health workers and professionals. Good communication skills are vital for a number of reasons, and are vital within health and social care to ensure that: †¢ positive relationships are developed with service users, their family and friends, to ensure the needs of the person are identified and met †¢ positive relationships are developed with work colleagues and the professionals that you will come into contact with †¢ information is shared by people involved in the care of the service user †¢ information about the work carried out with the service user is reported on Key terms Interaction – communication exchange that occurs between two people. Interpersonal – between people. Activity Make a list of all the different ways that you communicateShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Communication and Interpersonal Interaction in Health and Social-Care1186 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social-care Introduction This assignment is centred on effective interpersonal interaction and good communication in health and social care which is achieved through the use of multiple communication methods and techniques and the analysis of how certain types of people think and communicate. P1 Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Key Terms Formal- The useRead MoreThe Role Of Communication And Interpersonal Interaction On Health And Social Care2926 Words   |  12 PagesAssignment 1: The Role of Communication and Interpersonal Interaction in Health and Social Care In a health and social care setting there are two different types of communication and those are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication is the way you talk to someone and non-verbal communication is your body language towards someone. Verbal Communication There are many different types of verbal communication. One is whether you have clear speech. Having clear speechRead MoreThe Effects Of Inappropriate Interpersonal Communication On Health And Social Care Settings1210 Words   |  5 Pagesdealing with inappropriate interpersonal communication between individuals in health and social care settings. I am reviewing the methods how to use interpersonal communication to deal with individuals in health and social care settings. Interpersonal communication is defined as the verbal and non-verbal interaction between two interdependent people (occasionally more). This comparatively is an easy definition suggests a variety of properties. Interpersonal communication process by replacing humanRead More- the Role of Effective Communication and Interpersonal Interaction in a Health and Social Care Setting.3197 Words   |  13 PagesUnit 2: Communication and values | | Yvette Moyo | Centre Number : 20669 | | | | | Contents Page * The role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care setting. * Theories of communication Keywords: Communication Interpersonal skills Verbal language and examples Non verbal language examples Service user Care provider This report will cover the role and importance of effectiveRead MoreThe Role Of Effective Communication And Interpersonal Interaction On A Health And Social Care Context1952 Words   |  8 PagesExplain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. Communication is the way of exchanging information, receiving and giving a message to someone or more than one person, this is also known as passing information on by visuals, speech,writing,behaviour and signals. In a health and social care setting, Communication is incredibly important because service users needs need to have been met and the messages need to be clear for a person toRead MoreThe Role Of Effective Communication And Interpersonal Interaction Within A Health And Social Care Context?1702 Words   |  7 PagesP1) Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context? Communication is the process of exchanging information, thoughts and feelings between people, through speaking, writing or body language. Effective communication is about more than just exchanging information. This concept makes sure that the transmitted message is received and understood by the other person in the exact way it was intended. However the other person has to demonstrateRead MoreThe role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. (P1)1723 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. (P1) This booklet aims to explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context. Effective communication in a health and social care context is important because things need to be heard and said clearly. An example of when effective communication is important is if a nurse is having a conversation with a doctor and discussing a patientsRead MoreUnderstand factors that influence communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care environments2400 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Unit 1-Task 2 P3, P3, M2, D1 Understand factors that influence communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care environments This booklet is about people who may have difficulty communicating with someone else and may need extra added help and how to overcome the communication barrier. One to one between a care worker and a service user who has a hearing impairment. It is morning and the service user is just getting up after a difficult night’s sleep and in turn willRead MoreP1 – Explain the Role of Effective Communication and Interpersonal Interaction in a Health and Social Care Context1589 Words   |  7 PagesP1 – Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context Communication is highly important, especially in an elderly care setting. It is useful in many different ways and situations, for example; if the service user had vision impairments, it is important that the professional speaks loud and clearly pronunciating properly however is not patronising in any way making the service user feel uncomfortable. This gets important information, suchRead MoreExplain the Role of Effective Communication and Interpersonal Interaction Within a Health and Social Care Setting4822 Words   |  20 PagesExplain the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction within a health and social care setting By Ellena Hall Figure 1 Figure 1 Contents Page: Page 3: Introduction Pages 4-7: Main Text Pages: 8- 9 Conclusion Page: 10 Definitions Page: 11 Bibliography Introduction: I am writing this report to inform year 11 students about effective communication which can be used during work placement in a health and social care setting. This is due to concerns

Truman Capote’s Anonymity Essay - 2078 Words

In an interview with Truman Capote, George Plimpton asks if In Cold Blood is truly an accurate portrayal of the Clutter family’s murder, â€Å"One doesn’t spend almost six years on a book, the point of which is factual accuracy, and then give way to minor distortions† (Plimpton). Capote claims he only uses factual information in his story, completely removes himself from the novel, and has created a new genre of literature by combining reportage journalism with fiction techniques. However, literary critics have long debated whether or not In Cold Blood is the first of its kind: a non-fiction novel. Capote’s novel is something unique that the world has never seen before, but it is not the non-fiction novel that he claims it to be. Regardless of†¦show more content†¦The realism that Capote claims his novel exemplifies is the absolute, God-honest truth. Capote distances himself from the novel by declaring authenticity: One way for a writer to renounce power is to lay a claim to realism. Capote goes further. His narrative, he declares, is not only realistic but also completely and utterly true, a nonfiction novel. Given the nature of the project, any departure from fact is unacceptable. (Guest 119) Capote professes complete realism to prove his absence and depict true events. Capote refuses to stray from fact as that defeats the purpose of establishing a new genre of literature. However, inevitably, Capote himself is involved in the events, so his opinions, interpretations, and feelings, are all expressed, one way or another, through his writing. To avoid revealing his own opinions, he places entire word for word conversations into the text between Hickock and Smith or the detectives and the murderers. While word for word accounts show factual evidence, they do not prove his absence: The novels reliance on external documentation and expert testimony, as previously noted, reinforces the illusion of documentary realism. Long passages are quoted verbatim from confessions, letters, psychiatric evaluations, and transcriptions of court proceedings, thus providing further evidence that the novel is reporting rather than interpreting or creating. (Guest

Natura Case Study Free Essays

Individual Natura case study preparation paper Whether Natura, the Brazilian beauty company, based on biodiversity of Brazil, should expand its business in Russian market is the critical issue of this case study. However, it is necessary to inspect pre-issue before we evaluate the international investment strategy. After reviewing whether the company is capable of dealing with globalization, we move on to measure the Natura’s international marketing strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Natura Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Is Russian the best next step for Natura’s international foot for? If yes, we propose the possible alternatives for entering this market by minimizing the political risk and operating risk. (1) Was the company ready to go globalization? Evaluating criteria as follows: * Organization structure culture Natura’s unique organization cultures are open-minded for opinion-expressing, transparent decision-making process, and intimacy with its stakeholders. The strong corporate value shared by every individual within this group make the expatriates from this company could convey the brand DNA in foreign market. * Brand visibility in global markets Natura has a strong market position in Brazil, and continued building up the brand image in Latin American countries. However, it brand visibility is not strong enough in the rest of world and the brand image is weak in the European countries as well. * Global resourcing and distribution network The raw material, production, product development is all in Brazil. Natura has yet built up the global logistic network; therefore, the distribution cost and inventory management would be the major problem for the company while it steps out globally. Insufficient experience in expansion of global business,† dealing with different cultures, different social structure, and different consumer behaviors† Much of the international business experience of Natura is limited in Latin American countries. Although there is diversification in culture, consumer behaviors, the closed countries were easier to deal with the differences and minimize the marketing difficulties. However, for the res t of markets with totally different language, culture background, religion, regulations, Natura has no sufficient experience and knowledge to manage it. Sufficient talents in global management During this period, there have no sufficient managers with global vision and management expertise in Natura. Even though managers from other firms have the skill in running direct selling, they could not convey the company’s value and brand DNA. This shortage of human resource would be another obstacle for Natura’s globalization. Sub-conclusion: After analyzing Natura’s competences in globalization, we found that Natura was just at the beginning stage of globalization although it started its international business from 1982. From the financial result, we still could find out that Natura had no prominent performance in foreign market. (2) Was the Russia is the best choice to next step in Globalization? Is Russian experience valuable to the Naura’s globalization? Assessment of Russian market * Bureaucratic system * Unawareness of product quality and unconcern about the environment and nature. * Russian was becoming familiar with the direct selling; therefore, the education cost for sales rep. and consumer would be relatively lower than other markets which have low acceptance in direct selling. Assessment of Russian cosmetic and skin-care market * Consumer in Russia did not care about the natural products and knew nothing about Natura. They regarded the international famous brands and local brands. Natura lacked of brand image as strong as PG or L’Oreal. * It took time to build up its own local network in stakeholders since there is no manager who can deliver the brand DNA knew the Russian market. * Mastering the delivery network in the Russian markets would be the potential problem for Natura. Natura would face the challenges in global logistic while its products were manufactured, shipped from Brazil. The shipping cost, inventory management, timeliness of products, ordering system within subsidiary in Russia and parent company would be the key issue to expand business in Russia. * The weather in Russia is totally different from Brazil. It would be a main concern that Russian would not like to trust a brand from Amazon region. * The local regulation in cosmetics and skin-care should also be taken into account. Sub-conclusion: After assessing the key factors in entering Russian market, we can find that the Russian market is not mature enough to penetrate for Natura which was not equipped with sufficient experience in global business management and had a strong willing to preserve its brand DNA. Since Russian consumers were not respectful the nature and environment, the market did not attached to this brand DNA in that moment. Furthermore, due to the political situation and business environment, the experience in Russia could not duplicate or be applied after micro-adjustment in other western countries. 3) Following preceding question, if yes, what is the best entry strategy for the Russian market? If no, what is the best next step for Natura in globalization? Combined the assessments above, stepping in Russian market would not so urgent or profitable for Natura. For the international development, the best next step in globalization for Natura should focus on the grand American market. There are several mai n pros to implement this strategy, as follows: * USA market has the similar diversified ethnic background and furthermore, the Latin American is one of the main ethnic origins. American consumers are relatively mature in product knowledge and appreciate the natural skin-care product. Their pursuit in beauty is as vigorous as the consumer in Latin American. * The business model of direct selling in USA is mature and consumers used to shop products in mail ordering and direct selling. * Finally, the infrastructure of logistic in local market is consummate. * For Natura, it would be a big step in globalization if it could be successful in USA market. The success in USA market could build up the brand awareness and enhance its position in bio-diversity cosmetic and skin care product. Still, there were cons to enter USA market, such as facing more fierce competition from other international companies and it would be required more CAPEX to invest in the grand market. If Natura take the Russian market as the must-be market, then we would recommend this company cooperate with the local leading company, Kalina, who had the strong retail network and knew the local market very well. Natura could use the franchise model to expand the Russian market and to build up its brand image and awareness through the Kalina’s advantages. After Natura gaining experience and building up strong brand image, it could change its business model and enhance its brand DNA and values. Under this strategy, there exist some potential risks. For example, Natura had to make a completed regulation about the branding in order to preserve the consistency and its values. Natura had to keep tight connection with franchisee to learn more local experience and react to market needs. At the end of cooperation, it might have to pay higher price to buy back the franchising right if its products performed very well in Russia. How to cite Natura Case Study, Free Case study samples

Illness Narratives And Social Construction Of Health

Question: Write an essay on Illness Narratives and the Social Construction of Health ? Answer: The key insight in this chapter was on socially constructed reality that results in shaping all the notions of sickness, illness and health. The social constructions lead towards creating a wall that defines the boundaries along with forging the doors by which seeing the external environment is possible (Sharf and Vanderford 9). While reading the chapter, it was of great significance to keep an argument in perspective that there are various advantages to viewing communication in health as a social construction (Sharf and Vanderford 9). Also, that there are various benefits of focusing over narratives of illness. Through use of distinct researches along with considering practical experiences in the form of narratives from women, the chapter was able to recommend that communication in health can be successfully researched through placing enhanced focus on individual experiences of the patients regarding their health and their illness. The chapter had many essential elements and the authors focused on each element to formulate an integrative chapter. Social construction approach evolution is one such element of the chapter. It was evident from this sub-section that social construction approach was adopted first in the year 1966 Luckmann and Berger (Sharf and Vanderford 9). Throughout the approachs course of development, it went through several modifications and changes such as its application in the domain of health communication. With regard to health, illness and medical care, constitutive communication model application depicts the moderating complexities present between scientific evidences and the material evidences. The approach of social construction within the domain of health communication first emerged as a biomedical perspective reaction (which has been gravely dominant in the arena of health care) (Sharf and Vanderford 21). The article moves further to illustrate that communication in medical community has been divided into 2 types of discourses. The initial type makes use of objective language for presenting information of traditional and biomedical nature. The second type makes us of subjective language for talking on illness related non-verifiable and internal experiences. Another essential fragment in the research were significance of narratives and the health scholarship based social construction. The article argued that in order to enhance the social construction approach implementation into health communication, a distinct type of scholarship is needed. Narrative inquiry is one of them (Brown 34-52). The view highlighted the origin of the stress between physical reality and symbolic appearances and the application of such process to issues of communication with regard to illness and health. Even though narrative inquiry is only one the various ways to approach research in health communication but the methods benefits lie in knowledge application with regard to implications that individuals such as authors Rose have quoted. Often, the patients voice in the clinical realm is absent because of the focus on health communication as an inquiry field (Mattingly and Garro 101-230). The personal stories construction regarding illness and pain are essential for people that deal with serious sickness. This allows the individual to make sense of a circumstance that initially might seem to have no evident explanation. The article concluded by stating that narrative inquiry according to several authors such as Bochner, (1998), is at the core of moral acts (Sharf and Vanderford 34). It implies one that has purposiveness and self-consciousness intertwined with narrators values. References Sharf, Barbara F., and Marsha L. Vanderford. "Illness narratives and the social construction of health."Handbook of health communication(2003): 9-34. Mattingly, Cheryl, and Linda C. Garro.Narrative and the cultural construction of illness and Healing. Health and social science behaviour, (2000): 101-230 Brown, Phil. "Naming and framing: the social construction of diagnosis and illness."Journal of Health and Social Behavior(1995): 34-52. Hydn, Lars Christer. "Illness and narrative."Sociology of health illness19.1 (1997): 48-69.

Divorce free essay sample

This paper supports arguments in favor of divorce by discussing the advantages of divorce for people who have not sustained a loving and partnering relationship. (more) Divorce free essay sample â€Å"Girls, we need to talk.† Her face was red, and she looked more nervous than I had ever seen her. â€Å"Are we in trouble?† my sister asked. Mom shook her head, and we waited for her to speak again. We must have looked like statues, unable to blink and fixed on each quiver of her lips. The words that came out of her mouth next would change not only her life forever, but ours as well. In March of 2003, my sister and I were packing to go to Virginia when my mom told us there would be an extra person coming. Her friend wanted a vacation and had offered to pay his way. Two weeks later, we were confronted with the truth. â€Å"Girls, we need to talk. Your father and I have grown to be like brother and sister over the past few years. We don’t love each other like we used to. We will write a custom essay sample on Divorce or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We’re getting a divorce.† My sister and I stared at her, thinking this couldn’t be happening. A few nights later she told us she had met someone with whom she felt she could get serious. â€Å"Get serious? It’s been two weeks. Serious is out of the question!† my sister and I screamed in horror. It turned out it was her friend from our Virginia trip. But, despite what we said, nothing was going to change. Soon after, I left for two weeks in Spain with my soccer team. Going away was a good escape and gave me time to think about everything and do what I love most. Halfway through the trip, I called home to see what was new. When I asked my mom what she was doing, she said she was painting. â€Å"Painting, what are you painting?† I asked. She was painting my sister’s new room. She had moved in with her â€Å"serious boyfriend,† whom I had met twice. My trip was officially ruined, and when I came home, I had to face moving in and painting my new room, too. Our lives have totally changed and I have become more mature, independent, reliable and much more interested in succeeding in school and soccer. When I was first told about the divorce, my grades dropped, my level of soccer play went down, and I was depressed. Junior year began, and I wasn’t going to let anything keep me from getting into the college of my choice. I stayed in shape, going to the gym every day so my soccer would be at my previous level. I studied and did my homework every night, raising my GPA. I turned my life around because I wanted to succeed for me. My sister took this change a lot harder because she had no escape. She was 13 when it happened, and she felt vulnerable and trapped. Nights when I wasn’t home with her, she would go to her room, close the door and only come out for food. She decided to take the path of rebellion and get in as much trouble as she could to show my mom how much she was hurting. It hurt me to see her pain. The nights I was home alone with her, I would make her dinner and make sure her homework was done. I had to become responsible for her and tell her right from wrong. In the beginning, she didn’t want to listen. She went to her friend’s house, a friend who was caught up with an older, drug-addicted crowd. My sister didn’t have the strength to say no or stand up for herself. One of those Saturday nights when she called I could tell she had been drinking. She had gotten sick and wanted to come home, but she couldn’t call my parents because she would be in the worst trouble of her life. I picked her up and told her this was the last time this was going to happen. It took almost eight months but she finally realized her mistakes and moved in with my father, which might make her happier and willing to make better decisions. My parents’ divorce was the best and worst thing that ever happened to me. Sure, our family holidays and dinners will never be the same, but now instead of one family, I have two. In both families I’m a daughter, but I am also a responsible 16-year-old who has gotten past the initial pain and am ready to take whatever comes my way.

Narrative Essays (524 words) - Costa Rica, Republics, Americas

Narrative Narrative I was born in San Jose, Costa Rica, and moved to California when I was very young. Before I moved to California my dad traveled back and forth for 2 or 3 yrs from California and back to Costa Rica. He spent most of his time working in the Fresno area, in the cities of Tulare, and Visalia. He says he spent his time working in any available job including some farm labor jobs and went back to Costa Rica to spend time with us. After the second time he left Costa Rica to come and work he did not go back. At that time, amnesty was given to immigrants in California, and he moved up north to the Bay area to find a steady job. That is when he saved enough money for my mother, my two siblings, and I to join him in California. My first few years since I moved were adventurous. I had to become accustomed to a new environment, a new language, and a whole new diverse of people and cultures. I was in ESL programs until I entered junior high school. Learning the language, and trying to keep up with the class work was a challenge for me. Having friends who spoke my language, and the English language as well was an advantage I had. Having that extra help and support really made my school experience challenging, but exciting as well. Remembering the support I received from those friends creates a need in me to do the same for other people. I dont only believe that the support that I can give to migrant students as a Mini-Corps student will help them in succeeding in school, but I believe that an appreciation for school can be gained as well, and hopefully bring insight for continuing their studies beyond high school. As I improved in my English I also grew an interest in writing. I enjoyed my English classes, along with my math classes too. My interest grew and grew, and I joined summer girl programs. After participating two year, I became a mentor to those new peers coming into the program. I worked with teachers in Science, and in Math classes. I also participated in the volleyball activities, and group activities. This is when I realized I wanted to work with youth my whole life. My interest in English, and my interest in being a role model to youth made me decide to become an English teacher, especially worki ng with students whose first language is not English. Now, I am a college student. I first went to UC Santa Barbara, where I dealt with more hardship than I expected. My grades were poor, and I decided to come back home. I needed support from my family, and I was glad when I got it. Slowly I have raised my grades up, in this year, and I am ready to embark on a journey once again, and I would like to also be a positive influence on those students who are embarking on their journey now. By becoming a Mini-Corps student I can do that. Bibliography none Biographies

Government In India, Today Essays - Parliament Of India, Free Essays

Government In India, Today Essays - Parliament Of India, Free Essays Government in India, Today India's present constitution went into effect on Jan. 26, 1950. At that time, the nation changed its status from a dominion to a federal republic, though it remained within the Commonwealth. A president, chosen by an Electoral College replaced the governor-general, appointed by the British Crown. The president is the official chief of state, but the office is largely ceremonial. In parliamentary government, the people in a country elect members of at least one house of the legislature (by any variety of means: proportional representation as in Israel, single member districts as in Britain). The party or coalition of parties (coalition means a group working together) whose members together form a majority (more than one-half) of the legislature form the government. This means that they select the Prime Minister (the leader of the government) as well as members of the Cabinet (the PM and the Cabinet are known collectively as the government; the parties not in power form the loyal opposition). A key aspect of the parliamentary system is that the executive (the Prime Minister and the Cabinet) is elected by the legislature. This contrasts with our own system with its separation of powers. In the US, the president (leader of the executive branch) and Congress (the legislature) are elected separately by the people. The Lower House of the legislature is called the Lok Sabha. Currently, up to a week or two ago, the Congress Party held a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, so its leader was the Prime Minister of India. The other house of the legislature is the Rajya Sabha and like the English House of Lords it has less power than the Lower House. The other parties in the Lok Sabha form the opposition. These parties include: the Bharatiya Janata Party (a Hindu nationalist party), Janata Dal as well as a whole host of regional parties. Parliamentary government is distinguished from presidential government by the following: - Voters only vote for a legislature; - The legislature then selects the executive from the party or coalition of parties that have the confidence of a majority of the legislature; - The executive will then govern until it finishes its fix term (I believe India it is 5 years), OR until it loses in a vote of confidence in the legislature, usually or some important legislation. Laws are enacted by a Parliament consisting of two chambersthe popularly elected Lok Sabha, or House of the People, with not more than 545 members and the Rajya Sabha, or Council of States, with not more than 250 indirectly elected members. The Prime Minister is elected by the majority party or coalition in Parliament and then formally appointed by the president. The appointed Council of Ministers, or cabinet, under the leadership of the Prime Minister exercises executive power. Elections to the Lok Sabha are held at least every five years; if there is a vote of no confidence in the Prime Minister's government, the president must call for new elections. The Supreme Court decides on the constitutionality of federal laws, handles disputes between the central government and the states or between the states themselves, and judges' appeals from lower courts. The federal constitution includes a lengthy list of fundamental rights. It guarantees freedom of speech and religion, among many other rights, and abolishes untouchability. It also specifies a set of Directive Principles of State Policy, designed to guide the government in the interests of the people. In periods of national emergency, which only the president can declare, the government may legally suspend certain rights for a limited period. Such an emergency was in force in India from June 1975 to March 1977. In foreign affairs India tried to maintain a policy of nonalignment in the political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It supported independence movements in areas subject to colonial rule, opposed racism in South Africa and elsewhere, and championed the nations of the Third World in their economic dealings with the affluent countries of Europe, North America, and Japan. India has played a prominent role in the United Nations and in many of its specialized agencies. India consists of 25 states and seven union territories. The governments of the states are

Reflection Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Reflection - Assignment Example Also, this will enable me to implement the decisions I have taken with boldness. I would like to be a humble leader because I will be able to respect the ideas of other people in my place of work. In addition, I would like to be a just leader because this will enable me to consider the welfare of others and treat them fairly and without favor. Morality will guide me in discerning what is acceptable in the society and help me to do what the society considers as upright. Being compassionate will help me to treat others with dignity. Finally, as a leader I would like to be wise so that I can be able to make decisions that worthwhile (Chapter 3). A leader can acquire morality by learning from the environment they are brought up in such as schools, family, friends, states and religion. They can learn by emulating others or by experiencing the challenges they face in life (Chapter 3). In conclusion, a leader should possess certain traits that will guide them to relate well with others and remain moral in the society. Good qualities are acquired through personal experience or by learning from

Public policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Public policy - Essay Example But they are a happy and hospitable people. It is a common public policy to smile and be hospitable to any foreigner who comes in and visit one of their islands. The Filipinos are proud of their race. They smile when they see a tourist: that’s tourism policy number one. Tourism has been a flourishing industry in the Philippines and an attractive business venture because of its beautiful scenic spots, baroque churches, white beaches and various heritage sites, a legacy of the hundreds of years of Spanish colonization, and subsequently the American colonization which led to the Philippine independence on June 12, 1898. However, the Philippine tourism industry has passed through various stages of decay and then development. If public policies had been enforced to the letter, the Philippines could have been the number one tourist destination in Asia because of its rich heritage, historic spots, rich natural resources, and a hospitable people willing to receive any guests who have entered into their shore lines. Tourism was used for political purposes during the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos. Tourism policies during Marcos’s time were concentrated on government efforts to gain support from foreign governments, especially during the period when he declared martial law. There was no popular support or cooperation from the local community who had mixed feelings of fear, hatred and remorse over the dictatorship. Human rights violations were rampant. Resorts, hotels and other business establishments were owned by Marcos ‘cronies’. Rebel groups started to surface, and there almost anarchy in the streets. People power led by Corazon Aquino, wife of the martyred opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. led to the toppling of the dictatorship. Tourism was totally down at that time. (Gray, 2008, p. 369) When the dictator Marcos was overthrown by a people-power revolt, Corazon ‘Cory’ Aquino took over, and once again, her government used

Organisational Commitment Study Research Methodology

Organisational Commitment Study Research Methodology Table of Contents (Jump to) Research Methodology Introduction Research Design Sample Population Sample Selection Sample Size Procedures Measuring Instrument Gathering of Data Organisational Commitment Job Satisfaction Job Descriptive Index and Job in General Stress in General Human Resource Management Practices (HRM) Trust in Management Turnover Intention Turnover Statistical Methods Summary Results Conclusion Research Methodology Introduction This chapter addresses the research methodology used in the study of Organisational Commitment, its’ antecedents and consequences as described in the first chapter. The first section of this chapter after the introduction presents the research design. Sample and population are presented in the second section. The third section looks at measuring instrumentation, reliability, validity and scoring techniques. The third section looks at data gathering procedures. The fourth section describes methods for statistical analysis. The last section summarises this chapter. Research Design This study used a relational research design to determine the relationship between antecedents and consequences of organisational commitment. Research into organisational commitment is largely dependent on the perceptions of employees and employers. Perceptions are generally acquired through subjective self-reports or opinion. A design based on surveys is therefore appropriate. Relational surveys empirically examine the relationships between two or more variables, constructs, and/or factors. Descriptive surveys are primarily used to provide personal and demographic information. Correlation studies are used to: measure relationships; check consistency of those relationships; and to make predictions. This allows the researcher to test hypotheses by confirming or refuting their predictions which is consistent with Grounded Theory and the formation of theoretical frameworks. It follows that predictive validity is most often achieved by statistical methods such as correlation and regressi on (Saunders et al, 2009). Sample Population The population of the study is all past and present employees of company X. Sample Selection Given that this company is a small specialised Information Technology consulting company with a small population (n = 25) all employees were approached to participate. Electronic survey links were sent to the entire population and 100% response rate was achieved where all of the respondents completed all of the surveys. Sample Size Sample size determines statistical significance in a relationship. The central limit theory dictates that the larger the absolute size of the sample the closer the more likely it is to have a normal distribution. It has also been shown that the minimum sample size of 30 will produce a normal distribution or near normal distribution (Stutely, 2003). DeVaus (2002) provides this formula to calculate minimum sample size: Where: is the minimum sample size required is the proportion belonging to the specified category is the proportion not belonging to the specified category is the z value corresponding to the level of confidence required (see Table A2.1) is the margin of error required Table 1 Confidence Levels and associated z values This formula is used for small populations: Where: is the adjusted minimum sample size is the minimum sample size (as calculated above) is the total population Saunders et al. (2009) advise that, in cases where the population is less than thirty, data should be collected from the entire population. There are limitations associated with minimum size. In particular the margin of error cannot be smaller than the reciprocal of the population. It follows that in order to achieve a 5% margin of error the minimum sample size required is calculated thus: where is the sample size Applying the DeVaus (2002) formulae to the sample in this study requires the whole population if a confidence interval of 95% and 5% error is to be achieved. Procedures The researcher requested permission from the Managing Director of the organisation to conduct interviews and circulate surveys among the employees. In addition permission was granted to access human resource management records and employer/employee correspondence where legal, relevant and appropriate to the study. The researcher is an employee of the organisation with free access to the employees which facilitated the ease of data gathering and clarification where necessary. Most of the group are in possession of post graduate degrees and a number have a Masters level qualification which further facilitated the process as the group all have a deep understanding and appreciation for the process. An employee meeting was called in the presence of the Managing Director where it was explained that the participation in the study was optional or voluntary, anonymous, and that the information would be treated confidentially. In order to avoid any peer group pressure, no discussion was entertained in the group information session and employees were invited to discuss any interest or concerns directly with the researcher in private. It is interesting to note that all employees wanted to participate and most had no desire to remain anonymous inviting the researcher to discuss any aspect of their responses with them. Three approaches were used during the gathering of data: Online Surveys; Interviews; and Analysis of Human Resource records and employee correspondence. Surveys are a popular, economical and convenient way to collect standardised data which facilitate easy comparisons (Saunders et al., 2009). Unstructured interviews were conducted to: determine aspects of the organisations’ Human Resource Management practices; determine reasons for Turnover with ex-employees where exit interviews or detailed resignation explanations were not available or unclear; determine impressions of Turnover survivors for perceptions about Turnover reasons. Human Resource records were used to determine biographical data such as: pay grade; age; tenure; absenteeism; education; and vacation habits Turnover reasons were collected from exit interviews and employee correspondence. Measuring Instrument This study aims to determine the relationship between Stress, Turnover, Turnover Intention, Organisational Commitment, HRM practices and Job Satisfaction. The following instruments were used in surveys to measure the variables: Organisational Commitment: Allen and Meyer (1990) Job Satisfaction: Brodke et al.’s (2009) Revised Job Descriptive Index (JDI) questionnaire based on the original of Smith et al. (1969) Job Stress: Stress in General (SIG) questionnaire of Brodke et al. (2009) Management Trust: Trust in Management (TIM) Brodke et al. (2009) Turnover Intention: three point questionnaire baed on Sjà ¶berg and Sverke (2000) Gathering of Data The online surveys were created in Google Forms using the organisations’ internal infrastructure which is hosted on Google Apps. Google Forms is part of the Google Apps suite and facilitates the creation, distribution, and collation of survey data electronically. The surveys were distributed from the facility in Google Forms by way of a link in an email. The anonymous survey responses are automatically collected and stored on Google Drive where the information is made available in a tabular format (Microsoft Excel). Organisational Commitment Organisational Commitment was measured using the Organisational Commitment Scales (OCS) developed by Meyer and Allen (1997). The reliability of the OCS has been demonstrated in numerous studies over the last two decades. The reliability of each of the scales can be seen through Cronbach’s alpha of: between 0.77 and 0.88 for affective commitment; 0.65 and 0.86 for normative commitment; and 0.69 and 0.84 for continuance commitment (Fields, 2002). The OCS is comprised of 22 items measured on a 7 point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Job Satisfaction The Job Descriptive Index (JDI) was painstakingly developed by Smith, Kendall, and Hulin and published in their book, Satisfaction in Work and Retirement (1969). Patricia Cain Smith (1917-2007) relocated from Cornell to Bowling Green State University in the mid-1960s bringing the JDI Research Group with her. The group has operated since 1959 with different members and is one of the longest running research groups in the field. They make their family of scales available free of charge to researchers. The scales include: the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) including the Job in General (JIG); Stress in General (SIG); and Trust in Management (TIM). These scales consist of phrases and adjectives that describe facets of the job or the job overall. Participants select â€Å"Yes†, â€Å"No† or â€Å"?† in response to each word or phrase. â€Å"Yes† means the word or phrase describes the job. â€Å"No† means the word or phrase does not describe the job. â€Å"?† means that the respondent is unsure or cannot decide. The scales are scored 3, 0, 1.5 for â€Å"Yes†, â€Å"No†, and â€Å"?† respectively. The 2009 revision of the JDI, JIG, SIG and TIM are utilised in this study. Job Descriptive Index and Job in General The Job Descriptive Index (JDI) and Job in General (JIG) are self-report measures of job satisfaction. The JDI measures satisfaction with five facets of the job: attitudes towards co-workers, the work itself, promotion opportunities, remuneration and supervision. The JIG scale measures overall satisfaction with the job (Brodke et al., 2009). There have been two major updates to the JDI since it was introduced by Smith, Kendall, and Hulin in 1969. The first update was made in 1985 (Smith et al., 1987) and the second was made in 1997 (Kihm, Smith, Irwin, 1997). The JDI Research Group (Bowling Green State University, OH, USA) then updated the JDI family of scales in 2009. Table 2 Correlations among the JDI facets (Brodke et al., 2009)* lists correlations among the JDI scales which demonstrates that each of the JDI facets and the JIG measures a distinct aspect of job satisfaction and no facet correlates higher than 0.50 with any other facet. Cronbach coefficients above 0.80 or higher are considered to have high levels of reliability. Table 2 Correlations among the JDI facets (Brodke et al., 2009)* Table 3 Validity Coefficients Pearson Correlations (Brodke et al., 2009) shows the correlations of the JDI facets with SIG and the single item measure of Overall Job Satisfaction: â€Å"Considering everything, how would you rate your overall satisfaction with your job?† rated on a five point scale from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied). Brodke et al. (2009) have shown that the JIG scale is a good predictor of Turnover Intention. Table 3 Validity Coefficients Pearson Correlations (Brodke et al., 2009)* Stress in General The relationships between workplace stress and negative personal and organisational outcomes are well documented. Stressors and Strains are important concepts related to stress. Stressors precede the experience of stress and strains are the outcomes of the stress experience. The SIG is a measure of the experience of work stress, which emerges between the initial existence of work stressors and the resulting physical and psychological strains (Brodke et al. 2009). This is the stress that is experienced as a result of work stressors prior to the acknowledgement of the strain. The SIG is thus a good measure of Job Dissatisfaction and predictor of Turnover Intentions. The 2009 revision used in this study is based on the SIG scale developed by Stanton et al. (2001). Brodke et al. (2009) showed that this SIG scale shows a reliability coefficient of 0.79. Furthermore the scale correlates positively and significantly with the Faces stress measure (r = 0.54, p Human Resource Management Practices (HRM) The Managing Director and a team manager were interviewed about all aspects of their interaction from recruitment to exit. Marketing material was collected and analysed. The JDI facets that measures Opportunities for Promotion and Supervision are also used in assessing perceptions of HRM practices. Trust in Management Trust in Management (TIM) self-report survey consists of twelve phrases and adjectives describing characteristics of senior management or executives. Participants select â€Å"Yes†, â€Å"No† or â€Å"?† in response to each word or phrase. â€Å"Yes† means the word or phrase describes the manager or executive. â€Å"No† means the word or phrase does not describe the manager or executive. â€Å"?† means that the respondent is unsure or cannot decide. The scales are scored 3, 0, 1.5 for â€Å"Yes†, â€Å"No†, and â€Å"?† respectively. The TIM is considered a single scale and is composed of four dimensions: Ability, Benevolence, Consistency, and Integrity. Table 4 Cronbach’s alphas and correlations among the TIM summary scores and the TIM dimensions (Brodke et al., 2009) shows how the dimensions of the TIM scale are correlated. Table 4 Cronbach’s alphas and correlations among the TIM summary scores and the TIM dimensions (Brodke et al., 2009)* Table 5 Validity Coefficients with Selected Outcome Measures Pearson Correlations (Brodke et al., 2009) shows the Pearson correlations with JDI facets. Brodke et al. (2009) contend that the TIM dimensions are distinct although highly correlated. Table 5 Validity Coefficients with Selected Outcome Measures Pearson Correlations (Brodke et al., 2009)* Turnover Intention This study makes use of Sjà ¶berg and Sverke’s (2000) three item Turnover Intention scale which measures the strength of the respondent’s intention to leave their current job. The scale is scored from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). A high score indicates a higher degree of Turnover Intention. Nà ¤swall et al. (2006) showed the Cronbach alpha coefficients for this scale to lie between 0,76 and 0,87. Turnover Actual turnover information is derived from Human Resource records including ex-employee correspondence in the form of letters of resignation. Statistical Methods Data analysis was conducted using an installation of the statistical programming language â€Å"R† through the web based front-end â€Å"R-Studio† on a virtual Amazon Web Services Machine Image (R version 3.0.1, Nickname Good Sport, 2013-05-16). R is a GNU project which is free under the GNU General Public License. The researcher considered the following tests given the nature of the study: Descriptive Statistics are used to describe the location, shape, and dispersion of the sample data collected Inferential Statistics to calculate the strength and direction of the relationships between the research variables Regression tests were used to examine cause-effect relationships between the research variables Summary Data was primarily derived from the perceptions and experiences of employees. Statistical analysis was performed on the data in order to yield empirical evidence and to gain an understanding of the inter relationships between the antecedents and consequences of Organisational Commitment. Online surveys were conducted using various scales. Secondary data were collected from sources such as informal interviews and company HR records and policies. Data analyses are based on quantitative methods through a statistical analysis in order to answer the research questions posed.